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In general electronic commerce (EC) or as it is called e-commerce is defined as commercial transactions conducted electronically on the Internet, Intranet, Extranet, World Wide Web, by email and by fax. These transactions aren't required to have a price and include both sales and items like free downloads. All the transaction can be made on a global scale.
Simply put, e-commerce means buying and selling goods online. It also includes other types of activities related to business transactions. The latest and nearest branches of e-commerce include mobile commerce, when goods are sold using different mobile devices and Facebook commerce which provides an audience to transact business.
E-commerce involves the creation of new value business structures and business relationships between companies, their customers and suppliers.
Examples of e-commerce business Best examples of e-commerce are: online shopping (e.g. Amazon.com), electronic payments (e.g. PayPal), online auctions (e.g. eBay), online ticketing (e.g. Ecolines) and internet banking (online bank accounts). It can be executed in two ways – business to business transactions (B2B) between traders, retailers and manufacturers on both sides, business to consumer (B2C) between businesses and consumers and between consumers (C2C), where both parties involved in transactions are creating barter-type deals. Third type of e-commerce transactions can be clearly described as auctions.
There are various ways to execute business deals: email exchange, online catalogs and digital coupons, shopping carts operating with the help of operating system software used to allow consumers to purchase goods and services as well as to easily track customers by putting together all trade aspects into one cohesive whole, File Transfer, social media marketing, targeted advertisements and other web services.
E-commerce industry brief overview E-commerce helps to save time by speeding up the whole selling process, ensuring wider range of goods in one place, stay available around-the-clock, to find target audience, create and accept business offers and lowers transactions’ costs as well. This means that there are no barriers of time or distance while using the Net. However, it is still not possible to do some important things using this way of making business. For example, consumers as well as retailers and traders are not able to touch the goods straightway and have a tangible experience of the interested items.
Businesses started to use electronic data for sharing their deals in early 1690-s,. In 1979 the American National Standards Institute developed a universal standard for businesses to share business data through electronic networks called ASC X12. The whole industry hit the road in the 1990s with the development of amazon.com and eBay. Past 5 years are recorded to be nourishing for Internet business transactions.
According to data from the U.S. Commerce Department in 2015 Web sales made up to 341.7 billion USA dollars. E-commerce helps to keep things simple while having fewer limitations. It helps to boost the business, build up marketing automation systems, and manage sales and communication with clients and business partners remotely.
Top jurisdictions for incorporating an e-commerce company Certain jurisdictions have some useful advantages for e-commerce businessmen and international online traders. For example, England has a mature investment and banking industry, allowing an online trade and ensuring a bridge between US market and companies looking forward to break into that market. France has a dedicated minister to digital business (Axelle Lemaire) by creating a brand (La French Tech) meant to promote French startups internationally. Germany or Berlin in particular enjoys lots of attention from famous tech multinationals such as Google Campus @ Factory. Top10 e-commerce markets by country also include China (rated 1), United States (rated 2), Japan (rated 4) and South Korea (rated 7). These ratings were made in 2014 and are based on the statistical data reflecting the amount of total online sales.
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Some business people find that virtual offices are an easy and inexpensive way to go global. Others feel that it offers the ability to maintain the most important thing required for successful e-commerce and marketing today - a business presence that can be established in any market.
According to Wikipedia and Investopedia, the virtual office offers address and communication services for a fee without providing dedicated office space as it is a business location that only exists in cyberspace and allows employees and business owners to work from anywhere using technological means to work – personal computer, laptop, notebook or tablet.
Benefits of using a virtual office A full application of a virtual office term can include live professional communication. This means that all business appointments can be conducted online via telephone and video conference. Business documents can be shared, signed and sent electronically. There are some significant benefits of doing business in cyberspace.
Most important might be the fact that if the company has several or more employees, each of them can do their work from the place that is most convenient for him or her, while having the right to their own lifestyle, sleeping and resting Habits and other requirements, which can be individually adapted, are preserved. This means the company is not limited to hiring by expanding employee employment opportunities and corporate hiring opportunities.
This way of transacting and arranging business is creating new professional fields as professional as remote receptionists who can use high tech computer phone integration software to communicate with customers, virtual assistants who don't have to meet their customers in person and assist them instead virtual and other members of the virtual team.
Virtual teams can offer services such as answering machines and call centers operating from a central location to receive and transmit large numbers of inquiries over the phone, voicemail, which is basically a low-cost technology service that stores voice messages electronically , Voicemail messages can also be converted to e-mail letters to ensure high virtual mobility, virtual office space, ensuring a chance to own a high-profile, respected address in a city of the employee's choice, telephone answering service providing the Gap between the employee and bridges his or her customers.
In general, the creation of virtual offices aims to increase and increase efficiency while combining home and work together. It saves money, increases mobility and allows for cost-effective expansion without long-term commitments, keeping office costs to a minimum.
Disadvantages of using a virtual office The other side of a virtual office is that it lacks centralization, which creates difficulties when daily work meetings and appointments are reduced. Employees have to be very proactive here in order to maintain the existing structure. The lack of interaction can also increase when there is no planned everyday communication. These are the interactions that come with a traditional work environment, like lunch breaks and conversations with coworkers about work, life, and relationships. When working remotely, communication in general can also be difficult.
The lack of a face-to-face meeting increases the likelihood of misunderstandings and misinterpretations, since in this case words sent via email or written can lack the non-verbal cues and tone of voice that could make it easier to understand what the person said and how he said it or she feels.
There is also a lack of opportunities to plan and schedule meetings, for example to meet a client at short notice, as it is not possible to arrange meetings in a specific location called an office space or office building.
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An agency company is an entity that has entered into an agreement with an offshore company (the principal) to act as an agent. The agency company itself does not conduct business activity in Austria, but receives income from the agency commission.
Austrian companies A GmbH (Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung), a company with limited liability, is the most popular option for founding a business in Austria, both for domestic and international purposes. The following information describes the process of establishing this kind of company:
Statutory share capital The statutory share capital of an Austrian GmbH is €35,000, of which at least €17,500 must be paid in cash. Directors & shareholders The company can be established with just one shareholder, no matter whether the shareholder is a domestic or foreign individual or a legal entity. The director of the GmbH is the only one legally authorised to represent the GmbH, and is personally responsible for liabilities resulting from legal transactions carried out on behalf of the GmbH and for any unpaid taxes. Corporate income tax The corporate income tax rate in Austria is 25%. There is also a minimum amount of tax that must be paid by Austrian companies, which is currently €1,750 per year, divided into four quarterly payments. These payments are due on 15 February, 17 May, 16 August and 15 November each year. Agency structure basics At all stages, the agency company conducts business on behalf of the customer, who may be a company located in a tax haven, under the terms of the agency agreement. Business transactions are conducted through the Austrian company (which may trade, with VAT, with EU and non-EU companies) and the revenue is received into its bank account. After deducting a commission, the capital amount is transferred to the account of the real seller (e.g. the EU company). The agency commission can be set at 2%, 5% or even higher, and is usually paid annually. The Austrian company will declare the commission received as taxable income in Austria.
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A shelf company, also known as a read-made company, is commonly used in connection with corporate transactions. Shelf companies are founded by service providers, but there is no operational activity in these companies. Instead, once trained, they are nurtured and kept on the shelf until an opportunity to sell them arises. In this case, service providers can guarantee that no operational activity has taken place in the company and therefore there is no debt or other liability that could be transferred to the new owner.
Meanwhile, there are also such companies that were formed some time ago with the general aim of operating and making a profit, but have ceased operations for some reason. While normally companies would cease to exist, service providers buy the previously active companies and keep them until a potential investor shows up. Because these companies have had a specific operating activity, it is important to ensure that they have no debt or other liabilities. As a rule, quality service providers give their guarantee that you are acquiring a debt-free company. Still, it would make sense to do your own due diligence to be absolutely sure you're buying a clean company.
Business in Malta If you are looking for the right place to buy a shelf company and start a business, Malta might just be the place for you. Malta is a well-developed Mediterranean country between Europe and Africa. In addition to the advantageous geographic location and pleasant weather conditions all year round, Malta manages to attract foreign investors due to its business environment and tax system. Thanks to Malta's tax system, it is considered a tax haven.
Malta's tax system offers numerous advantages to companies. For example, Malta has signed double tax treaties with over 70 countries, ensuring that companies do not have to pay tax in their country of residence on profits generated in Malta. Even if a holding company has to pay the full corporate tax rate of 35%, the amount payable is usually greatly reduced - shareholders can claim a refund of up to 6/7ths of the dividend tax.
Shelf company in Malta There are several advantages to acquiring a shelf company rather than forming a new one. The main benefit is the ability to run a business that already has some history. Very often, newly formed companies are not considered serious, so potential partners and customers might decide to give preference to older companies. For this reason, the price of a shelf company is determined by its age: Older the company - higher the price.
Another benefit of acquiring a shelf company is generally the relatively shorter process time compared to forming a new company. Meanwhile, this advantage does not work as well in Malta as in other countries. This is due to the short incorporation time of companies in Malta - it can take as little as 24 hours to incorporate a new company (the same time it takes to acquire a shelf company).
Whilst shelf companies tend to take a back seat in Malta, you can acquire companies in a variety of legal forms - from partnerships to limited liability companies and corporations. Maltese companies can be managed both from Malta and from abroad.
Process to acquire a shelf company in Malta The process of acquiring a shelf company in Malta is relatively quick and easy. Once you have decided to purchase a shelf company in Malta, you can usually search for a service provider online. Although there are numerous service providers, you should take the time to find the one that best suits your needs. Some of the characteristics to consider are the costs, the valuations and reputation of the service provider, the legal structure of the shelf companies offered, and additional services and other benefits offered to support the shelf company's acquisition and continued operation.
When you have decided from which service provider you would like to acquire a shelf company, you can choose one of the offered companies, depending on its age, price, legal structure and whether or not there has been some operation activity taking place in this company. Nowadays, most of the service providers provide a list of available companies on their webpage. Maltese ready-made companies are sold with an incorporation certificate, articles of association, memorandum, a registered address and a VAT number.
The key aspect of acquiring a shelf company is the transfer of shares from the old owner to the new one. All documents and the process is organized by the service provider and you will have to simply sign the agreement of share transfer. Additionally, if you wish, you can modify the company’s name and address as well as appoint a new director right after the share transfer is finished.
It should be taken into account that authorities may require a proof of previous activities in order to allow for a shelf company to function in Malta. Also, in some cases depending on the activities carried out, special licenses may be required before any business activity is started.
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Given that within the European Union there are no withholding taxes on IP royalties between member states, we can suggest a number of countries where royalties are particularly advantageous.
CYPRUS The intellectual property royalties tax regime in Cyprus has changed as a result of the recommendations of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Action Report 5 and the Ecofin Council conclusions published on 8 December 2015. Legislation has been changed to limit the companies that can benefit from research and development (R&D) exemptions, but the tax rate in Cyprus is still one of the most favorable in the EU for foreign companies using Cyprus intellectual property want to license -resident companies (intermediaries), where this right is then sub-licensed to the end user. Overall, the effective tax on IP royalty income should be less than 2.5%.
IRELAND In 2015 Ireland introduced an effective corporation tax rate of 6.25% on intellectual property income based on an allowance for research and development costs borne by the company. By linking the two components in this way, Irish law encourages companies to conduct R&D directly within the EU - leading to the creation of intellectual property - while discouraging them from acquiring licenses without directly committing to R&D.
BELGIUM Belgium has introduced a tax system that favors those with income from acquired copyrights. This tax regime can have many different applications and can be used to protect artworks as well as a useful tax break for IT developers. Income from IP rights royalties is taxed at 15%. This income is not taken into account when calculating social security contributions. In addition, these taxes are reduced by 50% for imports due to the application of standard import costs. The first €15,000 that a copyright owner earns in a year is therefore taxed at 7.5%, and the next €15,000 at 11.25%. This tax system applies to people with a total annual income of up to 56,450 euros.
LUXEMBOURG In general, corporate tax in Luxembourg is 29.22%, but for IP licensing income it can be as low as 5.8%. This is due to an 80% corporate income tax exemption. Interestingly, this exemption also applies to companies that have registered a patent for use in connection with their own business, which then calculate a notional net income as if they had received the licensing income.
ITALY Italy is a larger market compared to the other countries discussed and can be a very attractive place for a company to invest in R&D since 2015 companies have been able to deduct intellectual property income from their taxable income base. The tax deduction was set at 30% in 2015, 40% in 2016 and 50% from 2017. Businesses will therefore enjoy a significant tax rebate by reducing their taxable income.
THE NETHERLANDS Since 2010, IP income has been taxed at only 5% in the Netherlands. Except for patents, there is no income limit. Patent holders can actually have access to this tax regime if their share of the expected revenue is between 30% and 70%, taking into account the total combined revenue from patents and other sources. These rates also apply to foreign companies owning intangible assets or companies that have received research and development accreditation from the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs if they are owners of software IP or trade secrets. The only other caveat to this favorable tax regime is that it doesn't apply to marketing and branding-related assets.
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The development of telecommunications and economic globalization has made it possible for interested investors to form companies around the world. With proper research, financial investments, and legal backing, business ventures can safely be established in almost all of the world'
India's economy is the third largest in the world in terms of purchasing power parity and the sixth largest in terms of nominal GDP. India is also one of the major G20 economies, with an average growth rate of around 7% over the past two decades. In the final quarter of 2014, it became the fastest growing major economy in the world, outperforming the People's Republic of China. Although the two countries showed very similar growth rates in 2016, it is forecast that China's growth will slow down, but that the Indian economy will grow again to 7.2% in 2017. According to a PWC report The World in 2050, India's nominal GDP could surpass that of the United States by 2040. The report also predicts India's GDP will double to $ 5 trillion by 2025.
There are several main reasons for India's positive long-term growth prospects, including the relatively young population (with a correspondingly low nursing care rate), healthy investment and savings rates, and increasing integration into the global economy. The Indian economy is believed to become the third largest over the next decade and one of the two largest by the middle of the century.
Another reason why India's economy has grown faster than that of other countries is likely to be the rise in government investments, which incidentally also play an important role in the world's second fastest growing economy - China. Meanwhile, slow-growing Western countries rely mostly on private rather than government investment.
India's service sector is one of the fastest growing in the world, growing 9% every year since 2001. India has become a major exporter of business process outsourcing (BPO) services, software and IT services - the latter are the country's largest private employers. India also has the fastest growing number of internet users in the world, which shows the huge potential of e-commerce in India. Flipkart and Amazon are the best examples of ecommerce success in India. India is also the third largest start-up hub in the world, with more than 3,100 tech start-ups in 2014-2015.
With the diversification and growth of the Indian economy, the contribution of agriculture to the country's GDP has been steadily declining since 1951, but it still plays a significant role in the country's socio-economic development and is one of the largest sources of employment. India currently ranks second in the world in terms of agricultural production.
Foreign direct investment is currently an important engine of economic development in India. Foreign companies are investing in fast growing private companies to benefit from lower wages and an emerging business environment. India is extremely attractive to foreign investors. In fact, in the first half of 2015, it surpassed the US and China as top foreign direct investment destinations, attracting $ 31 billion, compared to $ 27 billion in the US and $ 28 billion in China.
Among other things, the service sector has been attracting a large proportion of foreign direct investment since 2011. The service sector includes finance, banking, insurance, non-financial business services, outsourcing, research and development, courier services, and technology testing and analysis. In fiscal 2014-15, the service sector attracted $ 3.25 billion, which is 17% of total FDI.
The service sector is followed by construction development (new settlements, residential construction, urban development and infrastructure) with 2.89 billion USD with 2.20 billion USD in FDI in the same period.
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The Republic of Panama, or simply Panama, is a country in Central America, bordered by Costa Rica to the west and Colombia to the southeast. Panama City is the country's largest city and capital and is home to two million people, which is approximately 50% of the population. Panama's official language is Spanish due to Spanish rule in this area until 1821.
Panama Canal revenue accounts for a significant portion of Panama's GDP, while industries such as banking, trade and tourism are important and growing sectors. Thanks to the canal, Panama has managed to create the largest international financial center in the Central American region, with assets worth more than three times Panama's GDP. Stability, along with a favorable business and economic climate, is considered the main strength of Panama's financial sector. Panama's banking system conforms to the Basel Principles of Effective Banking Supervision. Nevertheless, Panama has a worldwide reputation as a tax haven. The country has made significant progress in improving compliance with anti-money laundering recommendations, particularly since the publication of the Panama Papers in 2016. In February 2016, Panama was removed from the FATFGAFI gray list, but the IMF continues to see a need to strengthen the country's financial transparency and fiscal structure.
Bank account in Panama Panama is known for having one of the strictest banking secrecy laws in the world. While foreigners are welcome to open a bank account with Panamanian banks, they often require more documentation than European or North American banks. As such, opening a bank account in Panama can be a relatively lengthy process - unless you have someone to connect you with a bank's account manager, it can take two weeks or even two months to set up a bank account.
Different banks may require different information when opening a bank account, but you should be prepared to provide documents and other information as listed below (all documents must be in Spanish):
Copy of your passport photo, information page and page with a Panama entry stamp; Up to two bank reference letters; A letter of reference from a lawyer or accountant; Copy of another ID – national ID or driver’s license; bank statement for the last 3 months; proof of income; Evidence of your relationship with Panama (e.g. proof of ownership, utility bills, cedula, etc.); Completed forms with information about you and your family and your funding source. If you decide to withdraw more than $5,000, you may be asked to indicate how you intend to use those funds.
Procedure for opening a bank account in Panama In general, account opening procedures may differ slightly from bank to bank, but if you choose to work with a service provider that specializes in opening bank accounts for foreigners, the process might turn out to be quicker and easier for you. Companies offering such services usually have their partner banks and they are familiar with the procedures and legal requirements. The procedure for opening a bank account generally consists of five steps:
Submit an online application; Submit payment to the bank account opening service provider; Interview – Banks in Panama require an in-person interview before opening a bank account. The call will be coordinated by your service provider. All applications and required documents are submitted during the interview. Due diligence process (this takes about 20 to 30 business days); Setting up the bank account – after completing the account opening process, you will be provided with the bank account number, deposit and transfer history and contact information of your bank.
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12.01.2024 16:18
